ASML
How ASML built the only machines capable of extreme ultraviolet lithography and became the bottleneck of global chipmaking.
In nineteen eighty, semiconductor manufacturing used ultraviolet light to print circuits. By two thousand, smaller circuits meant higher speeds and lower power consumption. Everyone wanted smaller circuits. ASML asked a different question. Could machines use extreme ultraviolet light instead of regular ultraviolet? That question changed the entire industry. EUV light required revolutionary technology. New mirrors, new tools, new physics entirely. ASML invested six billion dollars and twenty years developing an EUV lithography machine. The machine cost three hundred million dollars per unit. Success meant only machine capable of printing smallest circuits. TSMC, Samsung, Intel all needed this machine.
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